Hak, Hukuk, Özgürlük ve Pandemi Şartlarında Sınırlama
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Hak, Hukuk ve Özgürlük kavramları bireyi birey yapan, varlığını tanımlayan en önemli kavramlardır. Bu kavramları irdelemek ve anlayabilmek için önce hak kavramını anlamak ve algılamak gerekmektedir.
Hak; sahibine korunma yetkisi tanıyan, yararlanma ve menfaat yetkisi veren adeta “var eden” kavramdır. Hak kelimesi dilimize Arapçadan gelmiş olup, hakkın çoğul hali ise; Hukuk’tur. Hak kavramı yalnız hukuk içerisinde değil, insanı insan yapan her değerde karşımıza çıkar. Örneğin İslam dininde hak kavramı en çok irdelenen, en çok yer bulan ve değer verilen kavramlardan bir tanesidir. Belki de bu noktada insanın var olması hak kavramından doğar; dersek abartmış olmayız. Hak birey için en önemli somut değerdir. Hak ne kadar var olmamızı sağlıyor ise hukuk (dilbilgisi uyarınca hak-lar) da bir o kadar var olmamızı sağlamaktadır.
Hak denince ilk aklımıza gelen “yaşama hakkı” dır. Yaşama Hakkı, kişinin fiziksel varlığının sürdürebilmesinin güvencesini oluşturan insan hakkıdır. Hak denince aklımıza yaşama hakkının gelmesi, en temel hakkımız oluşundandır fakat hak kavramı temel haklarla sınırlı değildir; yaptığımız her şey hak ile bağlıdır fakat bu noktada en temel haklarımıza değinmemiz gerekir. 4 Kasım 1950 tarihli Avrupa İnsan Hakları Sözleşmesi ile temel hak ve özgürlükler koruma altına alınmıştır; Yaşama Hakkı, Sağlık Hakkı, Eğitim Hakkı, Düşünce Özgürlüğü, İnanç Özgürlüğü, İbadet Hakkı, Özel Yaşam Gizliliği Hakkı, Ekonomik Haklar ve benzeri.
Peki ya her bireyin hakkı var ise; herkesin hakkını koruma hakkı da ortaya çıkar mı? Herkesin kendi hakkını korumaya ve savunmaya çalışması da bizleri adeta bir kaosa sürüklemez mi? İşte tam da bu noktada hukuk ve devlet kavramları karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Hukuk, hak kavramının çoğulu olmasının yanı sıra; hakkı koruyan temel kuralları da ortaya koyar. Peki hukuk kuralları böyle mühim ise ve bireyin hakkını koruyor ise; böyle önemli kuralları kim koyuyor? Kişinin kendi hakkını koruma hakkı var iken bunu nasıl bir kanun koyucuya günümüzde “devlet” e bırakabiliyor? Özellikle Jean Jacques Rousseau tarafından ortaya konan toplum sözleşmesi kuramı; hakkımızı korumayı nasıl devlete bıraktığımızı bizlere açıklar. İlkel yaşamda her insan kendi hakkını kendi korumakta idi, fakat topluluklar büyüdükçe ve sahip olma, mülkiyet kavramları ortaya çıktıkça her kişinin kendi hakkını kendi koruması düzensizliğe sebep olacaktır. Bir topluluğa mensup tüm bireyler farazi bir toplum sözleşmesi imzalayarak haklarını koruma hakkını, kuralları belirleme hakkını, düzeni koruma hakkını; bir üst akıla “devlete” teslim etmişlerdir. Yani; her kişinin kendi hakkını koruma hakkı vardır fakat toplum sözleşmesi uyarınca bu hakkını devlete devretmiştir. Böyle güçlü-zayıf, zengin-fakir ayrımı olmaksızın herkes hakkını devlet aracılığı ile koruyabilecektir. Bu nedenledir ki günümüzde ceza hukuku uyarınca; bir suç işleyen kişi; devlete karşı suç işlemiş sayılır. Bu nedenle ceza davalarında devletin avukatı olarak savcı yer alır.
Toplum sözleşmesi uyarınca hakkını devlete teslim eden bireylerin hakkı; devlet tarafından, hukuk kuralları uyarınca korunur. Peki hakkın sınırlanması mümkün müdür? Her birey özgürdür, fakat hepimizin bildiği oldukça klişe ve çok da doğru bir söz vardır ki; Bir kişinin özgürlüğü, ancak bir başkasının özgürlüğünün başladığı yerde biter. Kişinin hakkı, bir başka kişinin hakkını veya özgürlüğünü ihlal ettiği ölçüde sınırlanabilir. Bu yetki de kişinin önceden hakkını teslim etmiş olduğu üst akıl yani devlet tarafından gerçekleşebilir. Kamu yararı uyarınca kişilerin hak ve özgürlüklerinin sınırlandırılması gündeme gelebilir. Orantılılık ilkesi uyarınca; toplumun çoğunluğu yani kamu yararı gözetiliyor ise veya korunan yarar kısıtlanan yarardan çok üstün ise kısıtlama olabilir. Fakat bu kısıtlama kavramı oldukça kırılgan ve devlet tek eline bırakıldığından kimi zaman yanlışa sebebiyet verebilen adeta korkutucu bir kavramdır; her ne kadar bu hak devletin elinde olsa bile böyle büyük bir güç seçilmiş kişilerin eline geçtiğinde kimi zaman vahim sonuçlar doğurabilir. Bu nedenledir ki hukukçular hak ve özgürlük kısıtlamalarına çoğunlukla karşı çıkmaktadırlar.
Peki ne gibi hallerde hak ve özgürlüklerin kamu yararı uyarınca kısıtlanmasına gidilebilir? Güncel bir örnek ile açıklamak gerekirse; ülkemizin ve dünyanın içinde bulunduğu olağanüstü koşullardan 7’den 70’e her birimiz haberdarız, Dünya Sağlık Örgütü tarafından pandemi olduğu belirlenen koronavirus salgını tüm dünyayı olduğu gibi ülkemizi de tehdit etmektedir. Normal şartlarda; olağanüstü hallere, sokağa çıkma yasaklarına karşı çıkan avukatlar; bu günlerde adeta sokağa çıkma yasağı gelsin diye bas bas bağırmaktadır. Çünkü; dünyada tüm bilim insanları, insanların sokakta olmasının tüm dünyadaki insanları tehdit edeceğini ve bir kişinin ortalama 15 kişiyi enfekte edebileceğini belirtmektedir. Yani 1 kişinin seyahat hakkı ve özgürlüğü; 15 kişinin yaşam hakkını ihlal edecektir. Kamu yararı ve kamu sağlığı gözetildiği vakit; sokağa çıkma yasağı ilan edilerek kişilerin bir süreliğine; seyahat, çalışma ve benzeri özgürlüklerinin kısıtlanması; birçok kişinin yaşam hakkını koruyacağından böyle bir kısıtlama doğru ve gereklidir. Tabi bunun gerçekleşebilmesi için devletlerin yükümlülüklerini yerine getirmesi ve sosyal devlet ilkesini uygulaması gerekecektir. En başında belirttiğim üzere; devlet, bireyin kendisine teslim ettiği “hakkını koruma ve savunma hakkını” birey için kullanmalıdır. Bireylerin yaşam hakkını korumak da devletin en önemli en birincil görevidir.
Sonuç olarak, hukuk kelimesinin kökü haktır, hakkın çoğuluna hukuk denir, aynı zamanda haklarımızı koruyan tüm kurallara da hukuk adı verilir. Hukuk ve hak kavramları bireyi birey yapan en önemli somut değerlerdir, özgürlükler de keza bir o kadar önemlidir. Bireyin hakkını koruma hakkı bir üst akıl olan devlete teslim edildiğinden kişilerin hakkını korumak ve hukuk düzenini sağlamak devletin en temel ve en önemli görevidir. Bu nedenledir ki; hak ve özgürlüklerin kısıtlanması yine devlet tarafından kamu yararı uyarınca elzem durumlarda mümkün olabilmektedir. Bu nedenle toplumumuzdaki tüm bireylerin yaşama hakkını koruma amacıyla özellikle günümüzdeki pandemi şartlarında bu şekilde bir kısıtlamaya gidilmesi; devletin en önemli yükümlülüğü olacaktır.
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